Abstract | Prema površinama pod kupinom u svijetu prednjače Europa i Sjeverna Amerika. Od većih europskih proizvođača tu su još Mađarska, Velika Britanija, Rumunjska, Poljska i Njemačka. Uzgoj kupina u Republici Hrvatskoj još uvijek nije na zadovoljavajućoj razini. Kao prednosti kupine ističu se njen rani ulazak u rod (već u drugoj godini), visoki i stabilni prinosi (do 30 tona po hektaru), dugi životni vijek, plod bogat vitaminima i mineralima, dok je cvijet kupine izvrsna pčelinja paša. Od nepovoljnih svojstava najčešće se spominje naporna i dugotrajna berba, budući da plodovi kupine ne sazrijevaju istovremeno, pa tako berba traje i do četrdeset dana. Iako postoje strojevi koji olakšavaju berbu, u najvećem broju slučajeva u berbi je ljudski rad nezamjenjiv. U ovom istraživanju praćen je utjecaj sustava proizvodnje (ekološka i integrirana) na neke pomološke i kemijske značajke ploda kupine. Istraživane su dvije sorte thornfree i boysen, sorte koje su vrlo često zastupljene u proizvodnji u Republici Hrvatskoj. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike u širini, duljini i masi ploda te koncentraciji suhe tvari, šećera, ukupnih kiselina i vitamina C u plodovima kupine u odnosu na sustav proizvodnje i sortu. Mjerenja širine ploda pokazuju da je najveća prosječna vrijednost izmjerena kod sorte boysen u ekološkoj proizvodnji (19,7 mm), dok je najmanja kod sorte thornfree također u ekološkoj proizvodnji (17,6 mm). Prosječna duljina ploda kretala se od 24,1 mm do 26,4 mm. Prosječna duljina ploda kod integrirane proizvodnje iznosila je 24,75 mm, a kod ekološke 26,15 mm. Veće prosječne vrijednosti duljine ploda i ovdje su veće kod sorte boysen (25,9 mm) nego kod sorte thornfree (25,0 mm). Prosječna masa ploda kretala se od 4,01 g do 5,60 g. Prosječna masa ploda kod sorte boysen iznosi 5,57 g, a sorte thornfree 4,02 g. Razlike između integrirane i ekološke proizvodnje su manje (4,785 g/4,805 g). Što se kemijskog sastava kupine tiče može se zaključiti sljedeće: veći je sadržaj suhe tvari u plodovima sorte thornfree (prosjek sorte 19,57 %) nego kod sorte boysen (prosjek sorte 16,26 %), dok sustav proizvodnje nije utjecao na ovo svojstvo; prosječna pH vrijednost je nešto veća kod ekološki proizvedenih kupina (2,74) nego kod kupina u integriranoj proizvodnji (2,60), dok je prosječna pH vrijednost sorte boysen niža (2,45) od sorte thornfree (2,90); prosječni sadržaj ukupnih šećera nešto je niži u integriranoj proizvodnji (7,85 %), nego u ekološkoj (8,25%), a veća je razlika među sortama (boysen 6,88 %, thornfree 9,23 %); apsolutno najniža ukupna kiselost izmjerena je kod sorte boysen u integriranoj proizvodnji i iznosi 1,73 %, dok je najviša kiselost izmjerena kod sorte thornfree u ekološkoj proizvodnji iznosi 1,96 %, a trendovi su isti kao i kod sadržaja ukupnih šećera; koncentracija vitamina C u plodovima kupine iz pokusa kretala se od 17,26 pa do 20,05 mg/100 g svježe mase. |
Abstract (english) | According to areas where blackberries are grown, world leaders are Europe and North America. Some of the major European manufacturers are Hungary, the United Kingdom, Romania, Poland and Germany. Cultivation of blackberry in the Republic of Croatia is still not at satisfactory level. Advantages of growing blackberry are it's early ripening (in the second year of cultivation), high and stable yields ( up to 30 tons per hectare ), the fruit rich in vitamins and minerals, the flower of blackberry is excellent bee pasture. Untoward feature of growing blackberry is tedious vintage whereas that blackberries do not ripen at the same time so harvest sometimes lasts for forty days. Although there are machines that make harvesting easier, human labor is indispensable. By doing this research I wanted to show how production systems ( organic and integrated ) have an effect on some pomological and chemical properties of the fruit of blackberries. Two cultivars that are often present in production in Croatia have been studied, thonfree and boysen cultivars. The aim of this research was to determine the differences in width , length and weight of the blackberry fruit and the concentration of solids , sugar , total acid and vitamin C in blackberry fruit in relation to the system of production and cultivar. Measurements of the width of the fruit show that the highest average value measured is for cultivar Boysen in organic production ( 19.7 mm ) , while the lowest is for cultivar Thornfree also in organic production ( 17.6 mm ). The average length of the fruit ranged from 24.1 mm to 26.4 mm. The average length of the fruit in the integrated production amounted to 24.75 mm , and 26.15 mm in the ecological production. Average value of the length of the fruit are higher for cultivar Boysen ( 25.9 mm) than of the cultivar Thornfree ( 25.0 mm ). The average fruit weight ranged from 4.01 g to 5.60 g. The average fruit weight for cultivar Boysen is 5.57 g, and variety Thornfree 4.02 g . The differences between the integrated and organic production less ( 4785 g / 4805 g ) . The average fruit weight ranged from 1.4 g do 5.60g . The average fruit weight for cultivar Boysen is 5.57 g , and for cultivar Thornfree 4.02 g . The difference between the integrated and organic production is not large ( 4785 g / 4805 g ). According to chemical composition of blackberries we come to following conclusions, content of dry matter in fruit of Thornfree cultivar (average of cultivar 19.57%) is higher than in the cultivar Boysen (average of cultivar 16.26%), this feature was not affected by production system. The pH value is slightly higher for the organically produced blackberries (2.74) from those grown by integrated production (2,60), while the average pH value of the cultivar Boysen is lower (2.45) than the cultivar Thornfree (2,90). Average of total sugar content was slightly lower in integrated production (7.85%), than in organic (8.25%), and the the difference among cultivars (Boysen 6.88%, Thornfree 9.23%) is larger. ivar Boysen is lower (2.45) than the cultivar Thornfree (2,90). Average of total sugar content was slightly lower in integrated production (7.85%), than in organic (8.25%), and the the difference among cultivars (Boysen 6.88%, Thornfree 9.23%) is larger. Absolutely lowest total acidity was measured for cultivar Boysen in integrated production in amount to 1.73%, while the highest acidity measured for cultivar Thornfree in organic production amounts to 1.96%, and the trends are the same as for the content of total sugars. The concentration of vitamin C in blackberry fruits in the test ranged from 17.26 till 20.05 mg / 100 g fresh weight. |