| Sažetak | Cilj ovoga rada bio je analizirati ključne fizikalne i kemijske značajke tla u svrhu kontrole njegove plodnosti, kako bi se dale preporuke gnojidbe za proizvodnju luka koja bi osim visokih uroda imala i minimalne rizike po okoliš. Na temelju analiziranih fizikalnih i kemijskih značajki tla preporučena je odgovarajuća mehanizacija koja nije dovela do kvarenja značajki tla. Uzorkovanje je obavljeno na proizvodnim površinama na kojima je uzgajan luk na OPG Krčmar u Vulariji. Izrađene su sljedeće laboratorijske analize: ukupni sadržaj dušika, sadržaj humusa, reakcija tla, hidrolitska kiselost tla, adsorpcijski kompleks tla, fiziološki aktivni sadržaj fosfora i fiziološki aktivni sadržaj kalija. Za planirani urod luka i prema rezultatima provedenih analiza tla preporučena je mineralna gnojidba. Reakcija tla mjerena u 1 M KCl iznosi 5,87. Prema Gračaninu tlo je kisele reakcije. Preporučena količina kalcijevog karbonata za kalcifikaciju iznosi 29,06 dtha-1. Stupanj zasićenosti tla bazama ukazuje na visoku opskrbljenost tla baznim kationima. Sadržaj humusa prema Tjurinu iznosi 4,31% i tlo je njime dosta opskrbljeno. Ukupni sadržaj dušika iznosi 0,14% i tlo je njime bogato opskrbljeno. Izmjerena vrijednost hidrolitske kiselosti je 6,45, pa se preporuča kalcifikacija s 29,06 dt/ha CaCO3. Za planirani prinos luka od 45 t ha-1 preporučena je gnojidba sa 112,5 kg ha-1 dušika, odnosno 45 kg za 0,4 ha, 225 kg ha-1 K2O, odnosno 90 kg za 0,4 ha. U osnovnoj gnojidbi predlaže se primijeniti 200 kg ha-1 mineralnog gnojiva NPK (7:14:21), kalijevog sulfata (60%) 118 kg ha-1 i za parcelu od 0,4 ha 80 kg NPK (7:14:21) od čega na čista hraniva pripada 5,6 kg dušika, 11,2 kg fosfora i 16,8 kg kalija. Za 0,4 ha predlaže se primjena 47,2 kg kalijevog sulfata. U pripremi tla za sjetvu predložena je gnojidba sa 200 kg ha-1 mineralnog gnojiva NPK (7:14:21), 118 kg ha-1 kalijevog sulfata (60%) i 25 kg UREA i za parcelu od 0,4 ha to je 80 kg NPK (7:14:21) od čega na čista hraniva pripada 5,6 kg dušika, 11,2 kg fosfora i 16,8 kg kalija. Za 0,4 ha predlaže se primjena 47,2 kg kalijevog sulfata i 10 kg UREE. U prihrani luka treba koristi KAN u iznosu od 142 kg ha-1 . Za parcelu od 0,4 ha to je 56,8 kg KAN-a. Na OPG-u Krčmar je utvrđena mrvičasta struktura tla, tlo je dobrih vodozračnih i toplinskih odnosa i dosta humozno, što upućuje i na prihvatljive vrijednosti parametara zbijenosti. Naime, nakon višegodišnjeg korištenja navedene mehanizacije nisu utvrđene nepovoljne značajke tla, pa se može preporučiti njihovo daljnje korištenje. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | The aim of this final thesis was to analyze the key physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in order to control its fertility and to give fertilization recommendations for onion production that would have minimal risks to the environment in addition to high yields. Based on the analyzed physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, appropriate mechanization was recommended that did not lead to spoilage of soil characteristics. Soil sampling was performed on production areas where onions were grown on the family farm Krčmar in the village of Vularija, Međimurje county. The following laboratory analyzes were performed: total nitrogen content, humus content, soil reaction, soil hydrolytic acidity, soil adsorption complex, physiologically active phosphorus content and physiologically active potassium content. Mineral fertilization is recommended for the planned yield of onions and according to the results of soil analyzes. The soil reaction measured in 1 M KCl is 5.87. According to Gračanin, the soil is acidic. The recommended amount of calcium carbonate for calcification is 29.06 dt ha-1. The degree of soil saturation with bases indicates a high supply of soil with base cations. According to Tjurin, the humus content is 4.31% and the soil is well supplied with it. The total nitrogen content is 0.14% and the soil is richly supplied with it. The measured value of hydrolytic acidity is 6.45, so soil calcification with 29.06 dt ha-1 CaCO3 is recommended. For the planned yield of onions of 45 t ha-1, fertilization with 112.5 kg ha-1 nitrogen is recommended, which is 45 kg for 0.4 ha, 225 kg ha-1 K2O, or 90 kg for 0.4 ha. In the basic fertilization it is proposed to apply 200 kg ha-1 of mineral fertilizer NPK (7:14:21), potassium sulfate (60%) 118 kg ha-1 and for a plot of 0.4 ha 80 kg NPK (7:14:21), of which 5.6 kg of nitrogen, 11.2 kg of phosphorus and 16.8 kg of potassium belong to pure nutrients. For 0.4 ha, the application of 47.2 kg of potassium sulfate is proposed. In preparing the soil for sowing, fertilization with 200 kg ha-1 of mineral fertilizer NPK (7:14:21), 118 kg ha-1 of potassium sulfate (60%) and 25 kg of UREA was proposed and for a plot of 0.4 ha 80 kg of NPK (7:14:21), of which 5.6 kg of nitrogen, 11.2 kg of phosphorus and 16.8 kg of potassium belong to pure nutrients. For 0.4 ha, the application of 47.2 kg of potassium sulfate and 10 kg of UREA is proposed. In subsequent fertilization of the onions, KAN in the amount of 142 kg ha-1 should be used. For a plot of 0.4 ha, that is 56.8 kg of KAN. At the Krčmar family farm, a crumbly soil structure has been established, the soil is of good water-air and thermal relations and quite humus-rich, which indicates acceptable values of compaction parameters. Namely, after many years of use of the mentioned mechanization, no unfavorable soil characteristics have been identified, so their further use can be recommended.. |
